May 28th: Azerbaijan’s Republic Day

May 28th holds a significant place in Azerbaijan’s history, celebrated annually as Republic Day. This public holiday commemorates the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) in 1918, marking a pivotal moment in the nation’s journey towards independence and self-determination.

The backdrop to this momentous event was the turbulent final years of World War I and the collapse of the Russian Empire. Amidst the chaos and uncertainty, nationalist movements gained momentum across the Caucasus region. The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, a short-lived attempt to unify Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, dissolved in May 1918. Seizing the opportunity, the Azerbaijani National Council, led by Mammad Amin Rasulzade, convened in Tbilisi and declared the independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on May 28, 1918.

The ADR was the first democratic republic in the Muslim world and introduced progressive reforms unprecedented for the region. It granted voting rights to all citizens, including women, ahead of many Western countries. The new republic also established a parliamentary system of government, guaranteeing freedom of speech, assembly, and religion. Furthermore, the ADR laid the foundation for a modern education system, including the establishment of Baku State University.

However, the ADR’s existence was tragically short-lived. Facing internal strife, economic hardship, and the threat of external aggression, the republic fell victim to the Bolshevik forces in April 1920. Azerbaijan was incorporated into the Soviet Union, and its independence was suppressed for over seven decades.

Despite the Soviet occupation, the memory of the ADR remained alive in the hearts and minds of the Azerbaijani people. It served as a beacon of hope during the years of Soviet rule and inspired future generations to strive for genuine independence. With the weakening of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, calls for independence grew louder in Azerbaijan.

In 1990, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan SSR adopted a declaration of sovereignty, paving the way for the restoration of independence. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan formally declared its independence, drawing a direct link to the legacy of the ADR. May 28th was officially reinstated as a national holiday, symbolizing the continuity of Azerbaijan’s aspirations for freedom and democracy.

Today, Republic Day is celebrated throughout Azerbaijan with national pride and fervor. Parades, concerts, fireworks displays, and cultural events take place in cities and towns across the country. The day serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by the founding fathers of the ADR and a reaffirmation of Azerbaijan’s commitment to its sovereignty and democratic values. It is a day for Azerbaijanis to reflect on their history, celebrate their achievements, and look forward to a future of peace, prosperity, and progress.

Beyond the festivities, Republic Day provides an opportunity to educate younger generations about the significance of the ADR and its contribution to Azerbaijan’s national identity. It is a reminder that the pursuit of freedom and democracy is an ongoing process, requiring constant vigilance and dedication.